PUBLIC ECONOMICS PERSPECTIVES ON INFRASTRUCTURE MATERIAL THEFT AND PSYCHOSOCIAL CORRELATES OF BYSTANDER BEHAVIOR FOR DEVELOPING THE SAFE-B MODEL
Keywords:
Bystander behavior, Community participation, Mixed methods, Public asset protectionAbstract
The theft of metal components from public infrastructure, locally known as rayap besi, can damage facilities and disrupt public asset functions. This study examines associations between fear, system trust, social norms, risk perception, and bystander behavior in Medan and develops a conceptual response model. An explanatory sequential mixed methods design involved 30 survey respondents and eight qualitative informants. Quantitative data from a 25-item questionnaire were analyzed through validity and reliability tests and multiple linear regression. Interviews and observations were analyzed thematically. Twenty-four items met the validity criterion, and Cronbach’s alpha was 0.779. Fear was the only variable with a statistically significant partial association with bystander behavior (β = 0.780, p < .001). System trust, social norms, and risk perception showed no significant partial associations. Qualitative findings identified personal safety, possible confrontation with perpetrators, and uncertainty after reporting as barriers to action. Integration of both strands informed SAFE-B, comprising Social Awareness, Anonymous Reporting, Fear Reduction, and Empowerment of Communities. SAFE-B remains a conceptual model requiring implementation, feasibility assessment, and evaluation of effectiveness.
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